Wait­ing for …

When life gets a bit hec­tic, a walk through the woods can be relax­ing. Espe­cially if the phone is turned off. It was such a day when check­ing to see which wild­flow­ers were begin­ning to sprout, bud or bloom that I stopped next to an old dead tree held off the ground by a sturdy oak­tree. There really wasn’t a view to speak of, no vis­tas, no stream or spring, being sur­rounded by the woods on all sides. Nice. Quiet, except for a vari­ety of bird calls. That’s when I casu­ally looked to my right and came eye-​​to-​​eye with the lit­tle Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis — Hyla ver­si­color Complex).

It’s log­i­cal that a treefrog would be found on a tree, but I always fig­ured it would be a live tree, so see­ing it there was sort of a sur­prise. But then, it is also log­i­cal, since treefrogs eat insects that fly or walk, that it would be up off the ground where the chances of hav­ing an insect fly by would be greater. It was a good spot to wait for a meal.

It was a bit smaller than the other Gray Treefrogs I’ve seen, only about an inch long, per­haps it was also younger. It allowed me to pho­to­graph it from almost all angles before becom­ing afraid, retreat­ing back­wards into the hole just behind it.

 

Which brought up another thought. Since the hole existed because of a wood­pecker, I won­dered if wood­peck­ers also eat small frogs such as this. Some­how it is much more pleas­ant to think of a wood­pecker eat­ing an insect than a cute frog. My guess is that those wood­peck­ers prob­a­bly do eat an occa­sional frog. Some­body, some­where prob­a­bly knows for sure. I’m also unsure whether it is H. chrysoscelis or H. ver­si­color. Accord­ing to the ref­er­ence books, it is almost impos­si­ble to tell unless they are checked on the genetic level. Not much help for us who wan­der the woods. But for most of us, it doesn’t really mat­ter which one it is, we just enjoy their being around.

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Unob­tru­sive Bloomers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

While the Ser­vice Berry is mak­ing a big white splash among the still gray for­est land­scape, there are the rather quiet, incon­spic­u­ous flow­ers that are eas­ily over­looked. They don’t mean to hide, they just don’t need to be osten­ta­tious. They get the job of seed mak­ing com­pleted with­out the aid of a lot of insects. One of the most known and looked for in early Spring is known as Har­bin­ger of Spring or Pep­per and Salt, for­mally known as Eri­ge­nia bul­bosa. As a per­son stands up and gazes at the wood­land ground, it is almost invis­i­ble. The flower stalk comes up from the ground, blooms and then the leaves form.

 

 

 Not so well known are the small Sedges, the com­mon name for the genus Carex. Most Sedges don’t have a com­mon name because most peo­ple don’t really notice them as being dif­fer­ent from other grasses or even each other. To most “they all look alike,” but they aren’t. The only rea­son I noticed this one was because I was really bend­ing over to look at some­thing else nearby. It was dif­fer­ent from the grassy growths I was used to see­ing, so I looked closer. I’ve tena­tively iden­ti­fied it as Carex pen­syl­van­ica, a com­mon species found in dry oak woods. The top part of the flower stalk has the male flowers,the lower part the female flowers. As with all sedges, it has tri­an­gu­lar stems. This one spreads pri­mar­ily by stolons creep­ing long through what­ever soil it can find. To see the actual flow­ers, mag­ni­fi­ca­tion is usu­ally needed. As you can see, this clump is small, with the flower stems and leaves less than five inches tall. When the flower stalks com­plete their job, die and get blown away, it will look just like many other, per­haps dif­fer­ent, clumps of grass.

So while it may seem that almost every­thing is either dead or dor­ment at the tailend of win­ter, life is  still really going on, just quietly. 

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It’s A’bloomin’

 

 

It was just about a year ago that James, my fish­ing buddy, helped plant the native Witch Hazel (Hamamelis ver­nalis) around our woods. Lo and Behold, one of them not only sur­vived, it bloomed! What a won­der­ful sur­prise. The bliz­zard, which got to about 18 inches deep around here, left only a few inches of it above the snow. Within a few days of the begin­ning of the melt, it bloomed. By the time James and him Mom got here to see it, the snow was gone,but the seven blooms remained. They are smaller than those on more mature shrubs, so it will be inter­est­ing to see their size next year.

Many peo­ple think the cul­ti­var­For­sythia, with its bright yel­low blooms are the first to appear. Wrong. This is the first, fol­lowed by the white Ser­vice Berry, Red­bud and Dog­wood. The mature Witch Hazel can be quite spec­tac­u­lar, get­ting up to nine feet tall with numer­ous sprouts from the base. Imag­ine that size cov­ered with clus­ters of yel­low and orange flow­ers. A sight to behold.

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A Bit of Spring

http://www.flickr.com/photos/46175527@N08/5428066197/

In these post-​​blizzard days, thought folks would enjoy a few wild­flower photos.

 

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Blend­ing In

 In late Sep­tem­ber while doing some out­side chores, the phrase “Get your cam­era” hit my ears. It is not an uncom­mon event, there’s always some­one, some­where, find­ing some­thing that des­per­ately needs its photo taken. I attempt to be timely in response since many ani­mals are fleet of foot. This time how­ever, it was this inter­est­ing cater­pil­lar. Since get­ting a new book with won­der­ful pic­tures, iden­ti­fi­ca­tion is much easier. This one is com­monly known as a “Promi­nent” (Notodon­ti­dae fam­ily) and belongs to the sub­fam­ily Het­e­ro­camp­inae which doesn’t seem to have a com­mon name. Its full name is Het­e­ro­campa umbrata or White-​​Blotched Het­e­ro­campa.

Its sim­i­lar in looks to the other Het­e­ro­campa catepil­lars and the book describes it as “Green, tan, pink or red­dish brown with a con­fus­ing array of pat­terns.” What really dis­tin­guishes it from the other Het­e­ro­campa catepil­lars is not its col­oration but the pair of shiny raised knobs on the Pro­tho­rax (the area imme­di­ately behind the head). But enough with names, where did it come from, where was it going and why.

It was found in a pile of fallen brown leaves,  crawling along one of the top ones. Green oak leaves are its pri­mary food, so it is com­mon in the woods. Most peo­ple don’t see them because they are usu­ally up in the tree munch­ing on a leaf. This one had the mis­for­tune, or per­haps for­tune, to fall out of the tree. Noth­ing was said in the book about when or where they make a cocoon or pupa. Could be, it needed to be on the ground to bur­row under these leaves and form a pupa or per­haps it just needs to spend the win­ter under a fallen branch or tree. Leaves were begin­ning to fall. Or it might be on the ground because it fell after being dis­cov­ered by a clumsy bird.

 

These catepil­lars are com­monly found in the Ozark oak wood­lands and as far north as south­ern Canada, as far south as Arkansas and Florida. That’s quite a range. If look­ing for this Het­e­ro­cam­pus or oth­ers, give some of the smaller oak trees a shake, see what falls. It helps if you lay a white sheet on the ground under the branches you shake. Who knows what won­der­ful crit­ters you may find.

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Hid­ing in Brightness

 

 Win­ter brings cold, snow and the desire to stay warm. What bet­ter time to review the pho­tos of crit­ters taken in more pleas­ant weather. It was the begin­ning of Fall, Sep­tem­ber, that while clear­ing the path I call “Lower Tur­tle Trail,” I noticed a bright yel­low splotch on a deep green leaf of a Huck­le­berry bush (Vac­cinium sta­mineum). It was a color that was really out of place. As usual, the ques­tion was, “What is that?” Answer: a gor­geous cater­pil­lar — one I’d never seen before. Since it was quite happy munch­ing away at the leaf, I fig­ured it would still be there when I came back with the cam­era. It sure is nice being right. I also brought along a pint can­ning jar. After our photo ses­sion, into the jar it went, along with a twig with some uneaten leaves. I use the two part lids, replac­ing the metal disc with waxed paper I punch with lit­tle holes. Then I got out the books. Couldn’t find it. Got on the Internet, searched, couldn’t find it. Now what. For­tu­nately a friend who worked at the St. Louis Zoo’s inver­te­brate unit, stopped by for a visit. It was new to him too. But, he knew his boss would know. So off went the e-​​mail with photo. Back came the answer: Sting­ing Rose Cater­pil­lar (Parasa inde­ter­mina), fairly com­mon, not endan­gered. Good. So back into the wild with it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Now that I had a name, I could find more about it. There are dif­fer­ent types of cater­pil­lars, this one is belongs to a group com­monly called Slug Cater­pil­lars (Lima­co­di­dae). “Why,” you might ask? Because it glides. Sort of like a slug which most gar­den­ers dis­like tremen­dously. Instead of hav­ing paired abdom­i­nal pro­legs to get around, they have spe­cial­ized medial suck­ers. So, instead of “walk­ing” they glide, some­what as do Snails. Hav­ing had it in a glass jar, and mov­ing around on my hand, there was another notice­able dif­fer­ence between this cater­pil­lar and snails/​slugs — no slime — not needed. This one has yel­low as a base color, but with other Parasa, could be orange or red. The spiny pro­tu­ber­ances along the body are said to “sting.” and cause an unpleas­ant skin reac­tion. Of course I found this out after I touched the lit­tle spines to see if they were stiff or soft. And after let­ting it glide over, under and around my hand. Didn’t bother me, this time, at least.

It is a bit amaz­ing to me that all these years of wan­der­ing about in and near the woods, this is the first time I saw one. Nat­u­rally, a cou­ple of days later, saw another one on a wild cherry tree leaf. Interesting.

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A Fall Renewal

Instinct made this three toed box tur­tle stop mov­ing and remain immo­bile after it saw me approaching.

Most peo­ple think of Spring as the time of new life or new beginnings, with the birth of fawns, hatching of birds or of tad­poles trans­form­ing into frogs. Actu­ally, every sea­son is one of renewal, some more obvi­ous than oth­ers. Take that lit­tle hole in the ground. It was rather innocuous, about an inch in diam­e­ter. If I had not already known why it was there, it would have just remained one of those lit­tle mys­ter­ies. In this case it was tur­tle hatch­ing time. Most likely the female three toed box tur­tle (Ter­rapene car­olina tri­un­guis) dug her nest­ing hole, lay­ing her clutch of seven eggs, some­time last June. Why she chose this par­tic­u­lar spot of rel­a­tively bare ground with just a few tufts of grass, is open to spec­u­la­tion. Even the lit­er­a­ture sug­gest this is a good topic for fur­ther inves­ti­ga­tion. In this case, sev­eral of the new hatch­lings were found before the hole. Some had trav­eled quite a dis­tance, up to 15 feet away. Inves­ti­ga­tion of the nest­ing spot revealed one non-​​viable egg still in the ground. With a small hole about the diam­e­ter of a pen­cil lead in that egg, perhaps an insect pen­e­trated it, killing the embryo. Mean­while, there are six small, very active young tur­tles. The largest is 3.7 cm long, 3.3 cm wide (1.45 in x 1.3 in) and weighs 10 g (.35 oz); the small­est, 3,3 cm long, 3.2 cm wide (1.3 in x1.25 in) and weigh­ing 8 g (.28 oz). Nor­mally, tur­tles not being social ani­mals, they would scat­ter, some hid­ing under the leaf-​​litter, oth­ers crawl­ing under downed logs or bur­row­ing into brush piles.  At this age and size, they are extremely vul­ner­a­ble. Turkey reg­u­larly scratch up the leaves look­ing for tasty morsels, usu­ally a vari­ety of insects and such, and these lit­tle ones are a real treat. Fox, rac­coon, coy­otes and even pos­sum also think they’re tasty. These six how­ever are now being kept in a spe­cial eco­log­i­cally accu­rate habi­tat for their first year. Soon they will dig into the soil and begin their first hiber­na­tion. In spring, when they become active, they will be mea­sured and weighed again to see what dif­fer­ences may have occurred. 

 
 

  

The dark area is the loca­tion of the umbil­i­cal scar which will dis­ap­pear two to three weeks after hatching. 

  

The newly hatched three toed box tur­tle has a hard, pointed pro­jec­tion just below the nose that is used to tear open the egg case. It goes away after about a week. 

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An Accu­mu­la­tion of Reptiles

That snakes and lizards abound in and around my gar­den and the woods sur­round­ing the house was some­thing I thought I already knew.  Per­haps I just took them for granted.  It wasn’t until now, while doing the Jour­nal that it really made an impact. I’d always been fas­ci­nated by snakes and their cousins, lizards. When I found my first snakes at age 8 or there abouts, I proudly and excit­edly brought them inside the house to show Mom.

Those lit­tle ring-​​necked snakes were not well received. So while Mom never dis­cour­aged my inter­est or curios­ity, she did make a rule — no live snakes in the house.  I quickly learned that rule also applied to sala­man­ders, mice of all types, frogs and, well, all wildlife. Orphaned rab­bit babies and injured birds were exceptions.

So this year I began a con­certed effort to record all the snakes and lizards I encoun­tered. At first I was ready to write about the Red­belly snake, but then within a day or so there was the Mid­land brown. A won­der­ful Sat­ur­day with a bunch of Mis­souri Nat­u­ral­ists at Ha Ha Tonka State Park, prac­tic­ing wildlife pho­tog­ra­phy yielded some great pho­tos, and the lone lizard of the group, a Broad­head Skink. Then the West­ern Rib­bon snake made its appear­ance. Enough — time to get this done — too much of a delay already.

The North­ern Red­belly Snake (Store­ria occip­it­o­mac­u­lata  occip­it­o­mac­u­latat{Storer]) was a most unusual find. Ear­lier in the day I had been search­ing out and col­lect­ing wild worms for a pair of res­cued three toed box tur­tles. It was twi­light and I was going in the house, it was get­ting too dark. And there, on the cement walk­way was this big worm. I snatched it up. But I dis­cov­ered it wasn’t a worm but a snake. Into the house it went. This snake is known to secrete a rather bad smelling white paste from glands at the vent. The next day when I removed it from its tem­po­rary home of a wide-​​mouth quart jar to take its pic­ture, it oblig­ingly extruded some more for the cam­era. It is a nice lit­tle snake, eat­ing those bugs and slugs that are prone to eat our favorite plants.

The Mid­land Brown Snake (Store­ria dekyi wrighto­rumTrapido) is another one of those lit­tle snakes that help us out by hav­ing a good appi­tite for gar­den spoil­ers. I fre­quently come across them around the barn, the gar­den and in the woods. There is wide color vari­a­tions in the ones I’ve come across, some very dark, some very light. They all have had a dark spot under each eye and both sides of the neck, that is what has always helped me in iden­ti­fi­ca­tion regard­less of the color. They too secrete a scent from the vent, but not nearly as pun­gent as the Red­belly. I think the snake’s color has some­thing to do with where it hangs out. This par­tic­u­lar one is gray­ish and as you can prob­a­bly see, it blends in nicely with the gray karst com­mon around our place.

The West­ern Rib­bon Snake (Thamnophis prox­imus prox­imus [Say]) I came across was in a real hurry. They can get really large and I’ve seen them engulf some really large frogs. The best time to pho­to­graph them is early morn­ing before they’ve had time to become agile by warm­ing up in the sun.

Then there is the ter­rific Broad­head Skink (Eume­ces lat­i­ceps[Schnei­der]). It was an excit­ing find and I was very pleased to be able to get a good photo. I had read about it in Tom R. Johnson’s book, The Amphib­ians and Rep­tiles of Mis­souri, but had never before seen one in per­son. We had sur­prised it while it was sun­ning on a trail. Instinct told it to dash to the woods, but then it stopped after about five feet, remain­ing motion­less. Since I was with a group of folks, I first pointed it out. Then, crouch­ing and mov­ing slowly, I took a series of pic­tures, after each one mov­ing a foot or so closer. When within a foot-​​and-​​a-​​half I decided not to push my luck and slowly moved back­ward until out onto the trail again. Another nat­u­ral­ist then tried for pho­tos and was able to go in and out as I did with­out the skink tak­ing off. The third pho­tog­ra­pher got about half-​​way and evi­dently the skink said, “enough already,” and dashed  away. It was a grand adven­ture with a grand skink. It is one of the largest in Mis­souri. The head of this par­tic­u­lar one is red­dish, thus, it is iden­ti­fied as the male. It is usual dur­ing the breed­ing sea­son for the males to develop a bright red head. While it has a  light brown back, it has sort of a green­ish cast because of the light shin­ing through the greet leaves above. Per­haps because of its red head or per­haps because of its size, many peo­ple think it is poso­nous. It is not. I’m will­ing to bet how­ever, if you grabbed it, it would reflex­ively bite. That could smart. Pho­tos are less painful. Usually.

There are more of those snakes and lizards out there wait­ing to be dis­cov­ered. A bunch of lit­tle adven­tures wait­ing to happen. Bring’em on.

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Calm Singers

>Many ani­mals have instincts that auto­mat­i­cally put them in motion to flee when approached by peo­ple. Oth­ers have instincts that ini­tially make them motion­less until they either feel threat­ened enough to attempt an escape or safe enough to move.

Frogs seem to be some of those motion­less ones. The Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis — Hyla ver­si­color) is one of those very com­mon frogs even peo­ple who don’t ven­ture into the woods find. They often hide in flower pots, around water faucets and other moist spots out­side homes. Those who are not fond of spi­ders should be glad to find Gray Treefrogs hang­ing around since they eat spi­ders as well as insects. They can be gen­tly picked up and moved out of harms way when encountered. This one was hid­ing between two small plant pots. It went unno­ticed until all the pots were moved and I was about to move the tray.

It rested quite nicely on my hand as I took it to a nearby pond and put it on a rock. Only then did it move, hop­ping to the ground, going under the over­hang­ing  leaves of an oak sprout.

 

 Then there was this mag­nif­i­cant frog. I had already walked past it before it reg­is­tered in my brain I had seen it. Look­ing back, I con­firmed that yes indeed, I had seen a frog. Slowly rais­ing my cam­era, I took a pic­ture. It was of the frog’s back. Then I slowly walked back, hop­ing not to scare it into the water. Suc­cess. Kneel­ing  about five feet away, I took a cou­ple of more pic­tures. Then I inched closer, stopped, took more pho­tos. I repeated this until I was within a foot of the frog. Obvi­ously I was not scar­ing the frog. Fin­ished with photos, I stood up. It just sat there, even as I walked away. Look­ing back at the spot 20 min­utes later, it was gone.

Later with the aid of the pho­tos, I iden­ti­fied it as a male  Bull­frog (Rana cates­beiana Shaw). I hope it sticks around, it will be an inter­est­ing night sound along with the Gray Treefrogs and peepers.

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Will the Real Poi­son Ivy …

More than once, first time vis­i­tors to the Ranch ask why poi­son ivy is allowed to climb  the small oak tree along the front door walk­way. I’ve sort of got­ten used to it and have devel­oped a rather nice lit­tle speech about the virtues of the inno­cent five-​​leaved Vir­ginia Creeper (Partheno­cis­sus quin­que­fo­lia L. Planchon) Almost every part of the vine is eaten by some­thing at dif­fer­ent times of the year — the leaves and stems are eaten by deer until fall when they switch to eat­ing the fruit; the fruit is also eaten by a vari­ety of birds, includ­ing bob white quail. Not to be left out, squir­rels and turkey also find it tasty. Turkey pre­fer the young ten­drils while the squir­rels like the leaves and fruit and  in the win­ter, chew on its bark. With such pop­u­lar­ity it’s sort of amaz­ing it is doing so well. But per­haps if it was not such a good wildlife food, it would be a trou­ble­some vine. In the fall, it adds to the autumn col­ors by turn­ing a beau­ti­ful red. So there is no rea­son to willy-​​nilly rip out or kill Vir­ginia Creeper — its one of the good guys. Five leaves.

Now, back to poi­son ivy (Tox­i­co­den­ndron rad­i­cans  L Kuntze).  It has three leaves, not five. But that means it can be eas­ily con­fused with Fra­grant Sumac (Rhus aro­mat­ica Aiton) — another great wildlife food. Birds, rac­coons, opos­sums, chip­munks and deer eat the fruit, while rab­bits eat the bark dur­ing hard win­ters. Those three leaves are def­i­nitely dif­fer­ent while being def­i­nitely sim­i­lar. For years I’ve avoided fra­grant sumac out of igno­rance. Now how­ever, I’ve got­ten good at telling the dif­fer­ence between Fra­grant sumac and poi­son ivy. I’m still cau­tious, being care­ful to keep a dis­tance until I know for sure I’ve iden­ti­fied it correctly.

So how to tell the dif­fer­ence? The mid­dle leaf. The stem of the mid­dle leaf of the poi­son ivy is long. The stem of the Fra­grant sumac is very short. Poi­son ivy will creep along the ground, climb up trees and other objects and some­times just stand upright, two or more feet off the ground. Fra­grant sumac does not creep along the ground or climb objects, it only stands upright, about two or three feet off the ground. Another dif­fer­ence is in the fruit. Poi­son ivy has white berries, Fra­grant sumac has red berries. But the berries are not always present. So always check the cen­ter leaf.

If in doubt, don’t touch it. Err on the side of cau­tion. All parts of the poi­son ivy plant can cause irri­ta­tion, roots, stems, leaves, berries, all. And don’t burn it. Its smoke, if inhaled, it can affect the lungs. What to do about it? If it is around your house or areas where peo­ple fre­quent, it needs to be removed either chem­i­cally or by hand pulling. Cut­ting it with weed­ers or mow­ers doesn’t work, it only scat­ters pieces of the plant, spread­ing it even further.

Poi­son ivy does have some virtues, if grow­ing wild. Like Vir­ginia Creeper and Fra­grant Sumac, it is a great wildlife food for a vari­ety of ani­mals. And it too, is beau­ti­ful in the fall.

Now that the weather is great for hik­ing and other out­door activ­i­ties, stay alert. What do you plan to sit on? Walk through? Brush up against?

Good luck!

 

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